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Super-elevation And Design Formula | Advantages | Highway Engineering

Super-elevation And Design Formula | Advantages | Highway Engineering

 

  1. Super-elevation or Banking of Road:-

  2. Advantages of providing Super elevation:-

  3. Derivation of Super Elevation :

  4. Super Elevation formula:-

  5. Design procedure of Super-elevation / Banking of road:-

  6. Step – 1:-

  7. Step – 2:-

  8. Step – 3:-

  9. Step – 4:-

Super-elevation or Banking of Road:-

When a vehicle travels in a circular path or curved path, it is subjected to an outward force which makes a vehicle to overturn and skid due to Centrifugal force. To overcome this force and for safe travel of a vehicle, the outer edge of the road is raised above the inner edge. This is known as Super-elevation or banking of road.

 

Superelevation

 

Super-Elevation / Banking of road reduces the effect of centrifugal force on the running wheels. If super-elevation is not provided with the entire centripetal force is produced by the friction between the vehicle’s tires and the roadway, thus results in reducing the speed of a vehicle.

Advantages of providing Super elevation:-

  1. Super elevation is provided to achieve the higher speed of vehicles.
    It increases the stability of fast-moving vehicles when they pass through a horizontal curve, and it also decreases the stresses on the foundation.
  2. In the absence of super elevation on the road along curves, potholes are likely to occur at the outer edge of the road.
  3. The Indian road congress(IRC) has prescribed the max value of Super Elevation is 1 in 15.

 

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Derivation of Super Elevation :

As per the figure, the below forces are acting on a car

In order to find out the angle of elevation (Super Elevation) the “tan” formula is used

 

SuperElevation01

 

From above fig,    tanθ  = Opposite SideAdjacent Side

therefore,               tanθ  = EB

The below forces are acting on the vehicle as mentioned in figure:

Weight of the vehicle     = W kg () ; 

Centripetal force             = P (→);

Frictional forces              = F1 & F2 (← ); 

You can check out the below figure more idea.

 

Super-elevation02

 

Hence, P.Cosθ  = W.Sinθ+F1+F2
where              F = fR

P.Cosθ = WSinθ + fR1 + fR2

= W.Sinθ + f(R1 + R2)

= W.Sinθ + f(PSinθ+WCosθ)

P.Cosθ-f.PSinθ = W.Sinθ+f.WCosθ

Divide with “W.Cosθ”;

(P.Cosθ-f.PSinθ)W.Cosθ  = (W.Sinθ+f.WCosθ)W.Cosθ

             PW -(f.PW)tanθ = tanθ + f

                 PW (1-f.tanθ) = tanθ+f

                                       PW = (tanθ+f)1-f.tanθ       

                                       PW = e + f

But, P= V2/ gR

Therefore,            e + f = V2/ gR

Where,

e = rate of Super elevation in %

V = velocity of vehicle in m/s

f = lateral friction factor = 0.15

g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2

R = radius of circular curve in meters.

If velocity is in KMPH then  e + f = V2/ 127R

 

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Super Elevation formula:-

superelevation-formula03

 

The above formula is used only to calculate one of the missing value either e or f or V or R for design purpose consider the below procedure.

 

Design procedure of Super-elevation / Banking of road:-

Design procedure includes following steps

 

Step – 1:-

Calculate the Super elevation (e) necessary for 75% design speed[0.75V] and assume no lateral friction is developed

As per practical conditions, it is suggested that super-elevation should be provided to fully counteract the centrifugal force due to 75% of the Design Speed(V) by neglecting lateral friction (f=0) developed.

 

Super Elevation formula = e + f = [V2]/127R

 

Consider lateral friction f = 0;

75% of design speed which means V= 0.75V

As per formula,

e + f = [V2]/127R

e + 0 = [0.75V]2/127R

e = V2 / 225R

Note: e value should not be more than 0.07 

If the calculated value (ecal) is less than (emax) then consider the value of (ecal) if not proceed to next step,

if  (ecal<emax) then e = ecal  

If the calculated value (ecal) is greater than (emax) then consider the value of (emax)

if  (ecal<emax) then e = emax  

 

Step – 2:-

Lets assume e = emax   = 0.07 and proceed to next step.

Step-3: Calculate the value of friction for ‘e’ Value

Super Elevation formula = e + f = [V2]/127R

= 0.07 +f = [V2]/127R

f = [V2]/127R – 0.07

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Step – 3:-

From the above step we found the value of e. Now lets find the value of the lateral friction (f) for the known value of emax Value

Super Elevation = emax + f = [V2]/127R

= 0.07 + f = [V2]/127R

fcal   = [V2/127R] – 0.07

If fcal < fmax (0.15)

Then fcal = f ;

If fcal  > fmax (0.15)

Then e = 0.07 is safe.

But if fcal > 0.15

Then fcal =fmax (0.15)

 

Step – 4:-

Lets calculate the value of Restricted Speed (Va)

Therefore V = Va

Super Elevation = e + f = [V2]/127R

= 0.07 + 0.15 = (Va)2/127R

V = [127R(0.22)]1/2

If Va > V then e = 0.07, f = 0.15

If Va < V still e = 0.07 and f = 0.15 but the speed restriction board is provided along with consists the value of Va

 

 

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About Raja Junaid Iqbal

Hi My name is Raja Junaid Iqbal and i am Land Surveyor by Profession but I've specialized in the field of Q,S and land development. As Professional Surveyor I engaged my self in all over the Gulf since 14 years.

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